Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement Essay - 1294 Words

Rosa Parks, also called the â€Å"Mother of the Civil Rights Movement,† was given the NAACPs Spingarn Medal and the Martin Luther King, Jr. nonviolent-peace prize. Rosa Parks was also awarded the Eleanor Roosevelt Woman of Courage award in 1984. Rosa’s influence and impact on the society is one that can never be replaced. Rosa was not only the person who took that seat, but she has plenty of respect because of her personality as a strong willed woman. Where did all this began? Rosa Louis McCauley was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4 , 1913. When Rosa was just a two years old, her father moved out, leaving her Mother and little brother, Sylvester to take of themselves. The small, split family then moved in with Rosa Grandparents, who†¦show more content†¦Soon after that she met Raymond Parks, he asked for a date with her. Raymond was a barber, also a civil rights activist who encouraged African-Americans to vote. He worked secretly for the National Commi ttee to Save the Scottsboro Boys and was soon a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). On their second date Raymond asked Rosa to marry him, she accepted. Together they influenced many people, and had a huge impact on the way African-Americans lived, as well as many other people. . On Thursday evening December 1, 1955, Rosa boards a Montgomery City Bus to go home after a long day working as a seamstress. She walks back to the section for blacks, and takes a seat. The law stated that they could sit there if no White people were standing. Rosa parks never liked segregation rules and has been fighting against them for more than ten years in the NAACP, but until then had never broke any of the unjust rules. As the bus stops at more places, more white people enter the bus, all the seats in the â€Å"White Only† section was filled and the bus driver orders Rosa’s row to move to the back of the bus, they all moved, accept Rosa. She was arrested and fined for violating a city regulation. This act of defiance began a movement that ended legal Segregation in America, and made her an inspiration to freedom devoted people everywhere. Parks had many achievements, she started off with running the house when she was a young child. She was theShow MoreRelatedRosa Parks And The Civil Rights Movement1082 Words   |  5 Pages African American, Rosa Parks was born in Tuskegee, Alabama on February 4th, 1913. Rosa was a civil rights activists and worked really hard to change the ways in Alabama. Rosa Parks was the start of a new beginning. She was the reason people had the courage to stand up for what they believed in. She also started the up rising of The Montgomery Bus Boycott and did a great change in the Civil Rights Movement. Rosa Parks’s childhood consisted of racial discrimination and activism for racial equalityRead MoreRosa Parks Civil Rights Movement1250 Words   |  5 Pagesmany changes in the nation. Rosa Parks is one of many who have changed the lives of African Americans. Parks was an outstanding woman who stood up for what she believed in, and she never let anyone tell her different. Parks was a kind hearted, selfless person and for that she will always be remembered. Parks endured many hardships, not only during her childhood but also during her adult life, and gave rise to the civil rights movement through a boycott. Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley on FebruaryRead MoreCivil Rights Movement : Rosa Park s Protest1728 Words   |  7 PagesRosa Park’s protest proved to be the catalyst for the Civil rights Movement because her arrest issued ignited black community leaders to oppose the current laws. It had enormous effects on the issue of black racial inequality, which was prevalent in the country at the time. Rosa Parks’ singular act led to the Montgomery bus Boycott, which highlighted to the larger American community the everyday racism faced by African Americans. Inturn this led to a community push for the desegregation of the transportRead MoreThe Modern Civil Rights Movement Began When Rosa Parks,1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe modern civil rights movement began when Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for refusing to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama (â€Å"Civil Rights†). Fighting for racial justice and equality is not something new, as many have been striving towards equality for centuries. Rosa Park, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, and Barack Obama are public figures who advocated or continue to advocate the ideology behind the civil rights movement. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. instilled theRead MoreEssay about The Main Component in the Civil Rights Movement, Rosa Parks1090 Words   |  5 Pageswho Rosa Parks is. The majority of these students will say that she refused to give up her seat up to a non colored man. These students really dont know how impactful her decision had on the United States of America. She was really the main component of the civil rights movement and that’s why she is known as the â€Å"mother of the civil rights movement†. She stood up for what she believed in, and in doing that she sparked and created the stepping stones to the civil rights movement era. Rosa ParksRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Martin Luther King, Jr. And Rosa Parks1546 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement is often remembered in American history as an era of unity and struggle. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks are often the figures that get the most recognition from this period. However, there are many leaders from the Civil Rights Movement that get overlooked. Even MLK toward the end of his life is glossed over for the â€Å"version† that gave the famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech. In truth, there was a fair amount of division between the Black Power Movement and the IntegrationRead MoreRosa Parks : A Symbol Of The Nonviolent Protest Advocated By The Civil Rights Movement1393 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Barbara Hahn, â€Å"Rosa Parks became a symbol of the nonviolent protest advocated by the Civil Rights movement when she refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama† (Hahn N.p). Before these actions of hers, African-Americans did not think about standing up for themselves and their rights. However, Rosa Parks encouraged blacks to help change the direction of racial relations in America as well. Before, African-Americans were considered inferiorRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Coretta Scott King, Jr., Malcom X, And Rosa Parks2182 Words   |  9 PagesWhen people think of leaders of the Civil Rights movement, they think of big names like Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcom X, and Rosa Parks. However, there were many people behind the scenes that had as big of an impact as these forerunners had. These are the transparent heroes; the underdogs. The ones that did so much for the cause yet were never truly recognized as being such a big influence. One of these unsung heroes of the Civil Rights movement is Coretta Scott King. After her husband, the greatRead MoreResearch Paper: Rosa Parks1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mother of the Civil Rights Movement Rosa Parks is one of the most famous people in the history of the American Civil Rights movement, for her refusal to â€Å"move to the back of the bus† on December 1, 1955. Although her moment of protest was not a planned event , it certainly proved to be a momentous one. The nature of Rosa Park’s protest, the response of the authorities of Montgomery, the tactics adopted by the civil rights leaders in Montgomery, and the role eventually played by Federal authorityRead MoreRosa Parks Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesmany people and the way that they would continue to live. Rosa Parks exhibited one womans courage and strength to stand up for what she believed in. Mrs. Parkss decision to remain seated and go against the Believed way sparked the beginning of the American Civil Rights Movement. In this paper I will discuss Rosa Parkss background, her decision against standing up, and how she started the beginning of the American Civil Rights Movement. Racism had tainted her life from the very beginning

Thurgood Marshall Free Essays

string(108) " of the School The First Year The school’s troubles became apparent in the school’s first year\." 9-494-070 NOVEMBER 18, 1993 JOHN J. GABARRO Thurgood Marshall High School On July 15, David Kane became principal of the Thurgood Marshall High School, the newest of the six high schools in Great Falls, Illinois. The school had opened two years earlier amid national acclaim for being an important breakthrough in inner-city education. We will write a custom essay sample on Thurgood Marshall or any similar topic only for you Order Now Among its many features, the school was specially designed and constructed for the â€Å"house system† concept. Marshall High’s organization was broken down into four â€Å"houses,† each of which contained 300 students, a faculty of 18, and a housemaster. The Marshall complex was designed so that each house was in a separate building connected to the â€Å"core facilities†1 and other houses by an enclosed outside passageway. Each house had its own entrance, classrooms, toilets, conference rooms, and housemaster’s office. (See Exhibit 1 for the layout. ) Kane knew that Marshall High was not intended to be an ordinary school. It had been hailed as a major innovation in inner-city education, and a Chicago television station had made a documentary about it shortly after it opened. Marshall High had opened with a carefully selected staff of teachers; many were chosen from other Great Falls schools and at least a dozen had been especially recruited from out-of-state. Indeed, Kane knew his faculty included graduates from several East and West Coast schools such as Stanford, Yale, and Princeton, as well as several of the very best midwestern schools. Even the racial mix of students had been carefully balanced so that African-Americans, whites, and Hispanics each constituted a third of the student body (although Kane also knew— perhaps better than its planners—that Marshall’s students were drawn from the toughest and poorest areas of the city). The building itself was also widely admired for its beauty and functionality and had won several national architectural awards. Despite these careful and elaborate preparations, Marshall High School was in erious difficulty by the time Kane became its principal. It had been wracked by violence the preceding year, having been closed twice by student disturbances and once by a teacher walkout. It was also widely reported (although Kane did not know for sure) that achievement scores of its ninth and tenth grade students had actually declined during the last two years, while no significant improvement could be found in the scores of eleventh and twelfth graders’ test s. Marshall High School had fallen far short of its planners’ hopes and expectations. The core facilities included the cafeteria, nurses’ room, guidance offices, the boys’ and girls’ gyms, the offices, the shops, and auditorium. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Professor John J. Gabarro prepared this case. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. This case is a revised and redisguided version of â€Å"Robert F. Kennedy High School,† HBS No. 474-183. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright  © 1993 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to www. hbsp. harvard. edu/educators. This publication may not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. 494-070 Thurgood Marshall High School David Kane An athletic man who stood over 6 feet 4 inches tall, David Kane was born and raised in Great Falls, Illinois. His father was one of the city’s first African-American principals; thus Kane was not only familiar with the city but with its school system as well. After serving a tour of duty with the U. S. Marine Corps in Viet Nam, Kane decided to follow his father’s footsteps and went to Great Falls State College, from which he received both his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in education. Kane was certified in elementary and secondary school administration, English, and physical education. Kane had taught English and had coached in a predominantly African-American middle school until ten years ago, when he was asked to become the school’s assistant principal. After five years in that post, he was asked to take over the George La Rochelle Middle School, which had 900 pupils and was reputed to be the most difficult middle school in the city. While at La Rochelle, Kane gained a citywide reputation for being a gifted and popular administrator and was credited with turning La Rochelle around from the worst middle school in the system to one of the best. He had been very effective in building community support, recruiting new faculty, and raising academic standards. He was also credited with turning out basketball and baseball teams that won state and county middle school championships. Kane knew that he had been selected for the Marshall job over several more senior candidates because of his ability to handle tough situations. The superintendent had made that clear when he offered Kane the job. The superintendent had also told him that he would need every bit of skill and luck he could muster. Kane knew of the formidable credentials of Dr. Louis Parker, his predecessor at Marshall High. Parker, a white, had been the superintendent of a small, local township school system before becoming Marshall’s first principal. He had also written a book on the house system concept as well as a second book on inner-city education. Parker had earned a Ph. D. from the University of Chicago and a divinity degree from Harvard. Yet despite his impressive background and obvious ability, Parker had resigned in disillusionment and was described by many as a broken man. In fact, Kane remembered seeing the physical change that Parker had undergone over that two-year period. Parker’s appearance had become progressively more fatigued and strained until he developed what appeared to be permanent dark rings under his eyes and a perpetual stoop. Kane remembered how he had pitied him and wondered how Parker could find the job worth the obvious personal toll it was taking. History of the School The First Year The school’s troubles became apparent in the school’s first year. You read "Thurgood Marshall" in category "Papers" Rumors of conflicts between the housemasters and the six subject area department heads were widespread by the middle of the first year. The conflicts stemmed from differences in interpretations of curriculum policy on required learning and course content. In response to these conflicts, Parker had instituted a â€Å"free market† policy by which department heads were to encourage housemasters to offer certain courses, while housemasters were to convince department heads to assign certain teachers to their houses. Many observers in the school system felt that this policy exacerbated the conflicts. To add to this climate of conflict, a teacher was assaulted in her classroom in February. The beating frightened many of the staff, particularly some of the older teachers. A delegation of eight teachers asked Parker to hire security guards a week after the assault. The request precipitated a debate within the faculty about the desirability of having guards in the school. One group felt that the guards would instill a sense of safety within the school and thus promote a better learning climate, while the other group felt that the presence of guards would be repressive and would 2 Thurgood Marshall High School 494-070 estroy the sense of community and trust that was developing. Parker refused the request for security guards because he believed that symbolically they would represent everything the school was trying to change. In April a teacher was robbed and beaten in her classroom after school hours and the debate was rekindled, except this time a group of Latino parents threatened to boycott the school unless better security measures were instituted. Again Parker refused the request for security guards. The Second Year The school’s second year was even more troubled than the first. Because of budget cutbacks ordered during the previous summer, Parker was not able to replace eight teachers who resigned during the summer; it was no longer possible, therefore, for each house to staff all of its courses with its own faculty. Parker therefore instituted a â€Å"flexible staffing† policy whereby some teachers were asked to teach students from outside their assigned house; thus, students in the eleventh and twelfth grades were able to take some elective and required courses in other houses. During this period, Wesley Chase, one of the housemasters, publicly attacked the move as a step toward destroying the house system. In a letter to the Great Falls Times, he accused the Board of Education of subverting the house concept by cutting back funds. The debate over the flexible staffing policy was heightened when two of the other housemasters joined a group of faculty and department chairpersons in opposing Wesley Chase’s criticisms. This group argued that the individual house faculties of 15 to 18 teachers could never offer their students the breadth of courses that a schoolwide faculty of 65 to 70 teachers could offer and that interhouse cross registration should be encouraged for that reason. Further expansion of a cross-registration or flexible staffing policy was halted, however, because of difficulties encountered in the scheduling of classes in the fall. Several errors were found in the master schedule that had been planned during the preceding summer. Various schedule difficulties persisted until November, when the vice principal responsible for the scheduling of classes resigned. Burt Wilkins, a Marshall housemaster who had formerly planned the schedule at Central High, assumed the scheduling function in addition to his duties as housemaster. The scheduling activity took most of Wilkins’s time until February. Security again became an issue when three sophomores were assaulted because they refused to give up their lunch money during a â€Å"shakedown. † It was believed that the assailants were from outside the school. Several teachers approached Parker and asked him to request security guards from the Board of Education. Again he declined, but he asked Bill Jones, a vice principal at the school, to secure all doors except the entrances to each of the four houses, the main entrance to the school, and the cafeteria. This move appeared to reduce the number of outsiders in the school. In May a disturbance occurred in the cafeteria that grew out of a fight between two boys. The fight spread and resulted in considerable damage to the school, including the breaking of classroom windows and desks. The disturbance was severe enough for Parker to close the school. A number of teachers and students reported that outsiders were involved in the fight and in damaging the classrooms. Several students were taken to the hospital for minor injuries but all were released. A similar disturbance occurred two weeks later and again the school was closed. The Board of Education then ordered a temporary detail of municipal police to the school despite Parker’s advice to the contrary. In protest of the assignment of the police detail, 30 of Marshall’s 68 teachers staged a walkout that was joined by over half the student body. The police detail was removed from the school, and an agreement was worked out by an ad hoc subcommittee of the Board of Education with informal representatives of teachers who were for and against assigning a police detail. The compromise called for the temporary stationing of a police cruiser near the school. 3 494-070 Thurgood Marshall High School Kane’s First Week at Marshall High David Kane arrived at Marshall High on Monday, July 15, and spent most of his first week interviewing individually the school’s key administrators. (See Exhibit 2 for a listing of Marshall’s administrative staff as of July 15. ) He also had a meeting with all of his administrators and department heads on Friday of that week. Kane’s purpose in these meetings was to familiarize himself with the school, its problems, and its key people. His first interview was with William Jones, who was one of his vice principals. Jones, an AfricanAmerican, had previously worked as a counselor and then as vice principal of a middle school. Kane knew that Jones had a reputation as a tough disciplinarian and was disliked by many of the younger faculty and students. However, Kane had also heard from several teachers, whose judgment he respected, that Jones had been instrumental in keeping the school from blowing apart in the preceding year. It became clear early in the interview that Jones felt more stringent steps were needed to keep outsiders from entering the building. In particular, Jones urged Kane to consider locking all of the school’s 30 doors, except for the front entrance, so that everyone would enter and leave through one set of doors. Jones also told him that many of the teachers and pupils had become fearful of being in the building and that â€Å"no learning will ever begin to take place until we make it so people don’t have to be afraid anymore. At the end of the interview, Jones told Kane that he had been approached by a nearby school system to become its director of counseling but that he had not yet made up his mind. He said he was committed to Marshall High and did not want to leave, but that his decision depended on how hopeful he felt about its future. As Kane talked with others, he discovered that the â€Å"door question† was one of considerable controversy within the faculty and that both pro and con feelings ran high. Two of the housemasters in particular—Wesley Chase, an African-American, and Frank Kubiak, a white—were strongly against closing the house entrances. The two men felt that such an action would symbolically reduce house autonomy and the feeling of distinctness that was a central aspect of the house identity and pride they were trying to build. Wesley Chase, master of C House, was particularly vehement on this issue as well as on the question of whether students of one house should be allowed to take classes in another house. Chase said that the flexible staffing program introduced the preceding year had nearly destroyed the house concept and that he, Chase, would resign if Kane intended to expand the crosshouse enrollment of students. Chase also complained about what he described as interference from department heads in his teachers’ autonomy. Chase appeared to be an outstanding housemaster from everything Kane had heard about him— even from his many enemies. Chase had an abrasive personality but seemed to have the best operating house in the school and was well liked by most of his teachers and pupils. His program also appeared to be the most innovative of all. However, it was also the program that was most frequently attacked by the department heads for lacking substance and for not covering the requirements outlined in the system’s curriculum guide. Even with these criticisms, Kane imagined how much easier it would be if he had four housemasters like Wesley Chase. During his interviews with the other three housemasters, Kane discovered that they all felt infringed upon by the department heads, but that only Chase and Kubiak were strongly against locking the doors and that the other two housemasters actively favored crosshouse course 4 Thurgood Marshall High School 494-070 enrollments. Kane’s fourth interview was with the housemaster of A House, Burtram Wilkins, an African-American in his late forties who had been an assistant to the principal of Central High before coming to Marshall. Wilkins spent most of the interview discussing how schedule pressures could be relieved. Wilkins was currently involved in developing the schedule for the new school year until an administrative vice principal was appointed. (Marshall High had allocations for two vice principals and two assistants in addition to the housemasters. See Exhibit 2. ) Two pieces of information concerning Wilkins came to Kane’s attention during his first week there. The first was that several teachers were circulating a letter requesting Wilkins’s removal as a housemaster because they felt he could not control the house or direct the faculty. This surprised Kane, since he had heard that Wilkins was widely respected within the faculty and that he had earned a reputation for supporting high academic standards and working tirelessly with new teachers. However, as Kane inquired further he discovered that although Wilkins was greatly liked within the faculty, he was generally recognized as a poor housemaster. The second piece of information concerned how Wilkins’s house compared with the others. Although students had been randomly assigned to each house, Wilkins’s house had the largest absence rate and the greatest number of disciplinary problems. Jones had also told him that Wilkins’s drop-out rate for the previous year was three times that of any other house. While Kane was in the process of interviewing his staff, he was called on by Francis Harvey, chairman of the social studies department. Harvey was a native of Great Falls, white, and in his late forties. He was scheduled for an appointment the following week but asked Kane if he could see him immediately. Harvey had heard that a letter was being circulated asking for Wilkins’s removal and therefore wanted to present the other side of the argument. He became very emotional during the conversation and said that Wilkins was viewed by many of the teachers and department chairpersons as the only housemaster who was making an effort to maintain high academic standards; his transfer would be seen as a blow to those concerned with quality education. Harvey also described in detail Wilkins’s devotion and commitment to the school and the fact that Wilkins was the only administrator with the ability to straighten out the schedule, which he had done in addition to all his other duties. Harvey departed by saying that if Wilkins was transferred, then he, Harvey, would write a letter to the regional accreditation council telling them how standards had sunk at Marshall. Kane assured him that it would not be necessary to take such a drastic measure and that a cooperative resolution would be found. Kane was aware of the accreditation review that Marshall High faced the following April, and he did not wish to complicate the process unnecessarily. Within 20 minutes of Harvey’s departure, Kane was visited by a young white teacher named Tim O’Reilly, who said he had heard that Harvey had come in to see Kane. O’Reilly said he was one of the teachers who organized the movement to get rid of Wilkins. O’Reilly said he liked and admired Wilkins because of his devotion to the school, but that Wilkins’s house was so disorganized and discipline so bad that it was nearly impossible to do any good teaching. O’Reilly said that it was â€Å"a shame to lock the school when stronger leadership is all that’s needed. † Kane’s impressions of his administrators generally matched what he had heard about them before arriving at the school. Wesley Chase seemed to be a very bright, innovative, and charismatic leader whose mere presence generated excitement. Frank Kubiak seemed to be a highly competent though not very imaginative administrator, who had earned the respect of his faculty and students. John Di Napoli, a housemaster who was only 26, seemed very bright and earnest but unseasoned and unsure of himself. Kane felt that with a little guidance and training, Di Napoli might have the greatest promise of all. At the moment, however, Di Napoli appeared to be uncertain, and tentative, and Kane suspected that Di Napoli had difficulty simply coping. Wilkins seemed to be a sincere and devoted person who had a good mind for administrative details but an incapacity for leadership. 494-070 Thurgood Marshall High School Kane knew that he would have the opportunity to make several administrative appointments because of three vacancies that existed. Indeed, should Jones resign as vice principal, Kane could fill both vice principal positions. He knew that his recommendations for these positions would carry a great deal of weight with the central office. The only constraint Kane felt in making these appointments was the need to achieve some kind of racial balance among the Marshall administrative group. With his own appointment as principal, the number of African-American administrators exceeded the number of white administrators by a ratio of two to one, and Marshall did not have a single Latino administrator, even though a third of its pupils had Hispanic surnames. The Friday Afternoon Meeting In contrast to the individual interviews, Kane was surprised to find how quiet and conflict-free these same people were in the staff meeting he called on Friday. He was amazed at how slow, polite, and friendly the conversation appeared to be among people who had so vehemently expressed negative opinions of each other in private. After about 45 minutes of discussion about the upcoming accreditation review, Kane broached the subject of housemaster-department head relations. The ensuing silence was finally broken by a joke Kubiak made about the uselessness of discussing that topic. Kane probed further by asking whether everyone was happy with the current practices. Harvey suggested this was a topic that might be better discussed in a smaller group. Everyone in the room seemed to agree with Harvey except for Betsy Drobna, a white woman in her late twenties who chaired the English department. She said that one of the problems with the school was that no one was willing to tackle tough issues until they exploded. She said that relations between housemasters and department heads were terrible, and it made her job very difficult. She then attacked Wesley Chase for impeding her evaluation of a nontenured teacher in Chase’s house. The two argued for several minutes about the teacher and the quality of the experimental sophomore English course that the teacher was giving. Finally, Chase, who by now was quite angry, coldly warned Drobna that he would break her neck if she stepped into his house again. Kane intervened in an attempt to cool both their tempers and the meeting ended shortly thereafter. The following morning, Drobna called Kane at home and told him that unless Wesley Chase publicly apologized for his threat, she would file a grievance with the teachers’ union and take it to court if necessary. Kane assured Drobna that he would talk with Chase on Monday. Kane then called Eleanor Dodd, one of the school’s math teachers whom he had known well for many years and whose judgment he respected. Dodd was a close friend of both Chase and Drobna and was also vice president of the city’s teachers’ union. He learned from her that both had been long-term adversaries but that she felt both were excellent professionals. She also reported that Drobna would be a formidable opponent and could muster considerable support among the faculty. Dodd, who herself was African-American, feared that a confrontation between Drobna and Chase might create tensions along race lines within the school even though both Drobna and Chase were generally quite popular with students of all races. Dodd strongly urged Kane not to let the matter drop. She also told him she had overheard Bill Jones, the vice principal, say at a party the preceding night hat he felt Kane didn’t have either the stomach or the forcefulness necessary to survive at Marshall. Jones further stated that the only reason he was staying was that he did not expect Kane to last the year. Should that prove to be the case, Jones felt that he would be appointed principal. 6 Exhibit 1 494-070 -7- 494-070 Exhibit 2 Illinois Thurgood Marshall H igh School Administrative Organization, Thurgood Marshall High School, Great Falls, Principal David Kane, 42 (African-American) B. Ed. , M. Ed. , Great Falls State College Vice Principal William Jones, 44 (African-American) B. Ed. , Breakwater State College M. Ed. counseling), Great Falls State College Vice Principal Housemaster, A House Burtram Wilkins, 47 (African-American) B. S. , M. Ed. , University of Illinois Housemaster, B House Frank Kubiak, 36 (white) B. S. , University of Illinois M. Ed. , Great Falls State College Housemaster, C House Wesley Chase, 32 (African-American) A. B. , Wesleyan University B. F. A. , Pratt Institute M. A. T. , Yale University Housemaster, D House John Di Napoli, 26 (Italian-American) B. Ed. , Great Falls State College M. Ed. , Ohio State University Assistant to the Principal Vacant Assistant to the Principal (for community affairs) 8 Vacant Vacant How to cite Thurgood Marshall, Papers

What is Preeclampsi Essay Sample free essay sample

Preeclampsia is the development of elevated blood force per unit area and protein in the piss after the twentieth hebdomad of gestation. It may be associated with puffiness of the face and custodies. Types of:Causes and Risk Factors Return to exceedThe exact cause of pre-eclampsia is non known. Many unproven theories of possible causes exist. including familial. dietary. vascular ( blood vas ) . and autoimmune factors. Preeclampsia occurs in about 8 % of all gestations. Increased hazard is associated with first gestations. advanced maternal age. Afro-american heritage. multiple gestations. and a past history of diabetes. high blood force per unit area. or kidney disease. Symptoms Return to exceed Edema ( swelling of the custodies and face present upon originating )Weight additionIn surplus of 2 lbs per hebdomadOf sudden oncoming. over 1 to 2 yearssConcernsNote: Some puffiness of the pess and mortise joints is considered normal with gestation. Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:Decreased urine end productNausea and emesisFacial puffiness High blood force per unit areaAgitationVision alterations ( blinking visible radiations in the eyes )Abdominal hurtingSigns and trials Return to exceedDocumented weight additionSwelling in the upper organic structureElevated blood force per unit areaProteinuria ( protein noted in piss ) Thrombocytopenia ( thrombocyte count less than 100. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Preeclampsi? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 000 )Elevated liver map trialsPreeclampsia may besides change the consequences of some research lab trials. TreatmentReturn to exceedPresently. the lone manner to bring around pre-eclampsia is to present the babe. However. if that bringing would be really premature. the disease may be managed by bed remainder. close monitoring. and bringing every bit shortly as the foetus has a good opportunity of lasting outside the uterus. Patients are normally hospitalized. but on occasion they may be managed on an outpatient footing with careful monitoring of blood force per unit area. urine cheques for protein. and weight. Optimally. efforts are made to pull off the status until a bringing after 36 hebdomads of gestation can be achieved. Labor may be induced if any of the undermentioned occur: Diastolic blood force per unit area greater than 100 mmHg systematically for a 24 hr period. or any confirmed reading over 110 mmHgPersistent or terrible concernAbdominal hurtingAbnormal liver map trialsRising serum creatinineHELLP syndromePneumonic hydrops ( fluid in lungs )EclampsiaThrombocytopenia ( low thrombocyte count )Non-reassuring foetal monitoring tracingsFailure of foetal growing noted by ultrasound Abnormal biophysical profile ( a trial to supervise the wellness of the foetus ) In instances of terrible pre-eclampsia when the gestation is between 32 and 34 hebdomads. bringing is the intervention of pick. For gestations less than 24 hebdomads. the initiation of labour is recommended. although the likeliness that the foetus will last is really little. Prolonging gestations has been shown to ensue in maternal complications. every bit good as infant decease in about 87 % of instances. Pregnancies between 24 and 34 hebdomads gestation present a â€Å"gray zone. † and the medical squad and the parents may make up ones mind to try to detain bringing in order to let the foetus to maturate. During this clip. the female parent is treated with steroid injections which help rush the adulthood of some foetal variety meats including the lungs. The female parent and babe are closely monitored for complications. During initiation of labour and bringing. medicines are given to forestall i ctuss and to maintain blood force per unit area under good control. The determination for vaginal bringing versus Cesarean subdivision is based on how good the foetus is able to digest labour. Expectations ( forecast ) Return to exceed Maternal deceases caused by pre-eclampsia are rare in the U. S. Fetal or perinatal deceases are high and by and large diminish as the foetus matures. The hazard of recurrent pre-eclampsia in subsequent gestations is about 33 % . Preeclampsia does non look to take to chronic high blood force per unit area. Complications Return to exceed Preeclampsia may develop into eclampsia. the happening of ictuss. Fetal complications may happen because of prematureness at clip of bringing. Naming your wellness attention supplier Return to exceedName your wellness attention supplier if symptoms occur during gestation. Prevention Return to exceedAlthough there are presently no known bar methods. it is of import for all pregnant adult females to obtain early and on-going prenatal attention. This allows for the early acknowledgment and intervention of conditions such as pre-eclampsia.

Homeschooling is Advantageous

Homeschooling is Advantageous Free Online Research Papers Homeschooling is advantageous to kids learning experience. Many kids/teens who go to public school have to wake up early and get to school. They dont have a lot of time to learn the information. They have a short lunch break. At the end of the day, the usually get sent home with some type of homework. On top of this, the teachers dont have time to get to know the kids/teens very well. Sure they know the kids names, but they really dont get to know the kid through and through. These are a few of the many issues I have found about public school. Sure public school has its advantages, but homeschooling has far more. For a good overview of many advantages to homeschool see Reasons to homeschool. Many things a kid/teen has to go through doesnt happen in a homeschool environment. For teens, no getting locked in a locker or getting you head dunked in a toilet. For parents, no influence of drugs or gangs. As Low Jeremy said, Despite being a viable alternative to traditional classroom setting, there are still some people who feel that Homeschooling is not for everyone. Like many things, this new system of education has its disadvantages. From: The Different Cons of Homeschooling. Continuing to quote from the above source, I will list five disadvantages of homeschooling. 1. When you decide to put your kids to homeschooling, you have to be prepared to spend all day with your children for several days. With homeschooling, you have to be their teacher. You have to be there to supervise their lessons and even check on their progress. You also have to think of activities and make worksheets. This is why most parents would leave work to go fulltime in teaching their kids. 2. Deciding on homeschooling will mean that you have to go against the norm. Be prepared to be grilled by other parents. You should also be prepared to find some difficulties when you do decide to put your kid back to mainstream. Adjustment will be hard, as they will not be used to the environment that traditional education has. 3. Spending 24 hours of the day with your child and being their teacher is no joke. At the beginning, you really have to be patient with your child, as he or she will not always understand the lesson as fast or as easily as you want. Do not lose your temper because this will only make matters worst. Remember that it is just normal for your kid to be behind in some subjects or to take a longer time understanding lessons. 4. Most would think that a homeschooling education is cheaper. This is not the case. Although you are not paying for any tuition fee, you have to shell out money for the materials that you will be using. Also, a parent may need to quit his or her job to become a full-time teacher. This can pose a problem in the finances especially if both incomes are needed to make both ends meet. 5. Being a teacher is not an easy task. Not only will you have to patient with your child but you also have to put an enthusiastic appearance even when you are not really in the mood to teach them their lessons. It is important that you make the lesson appear fun and interesting for them so that they will be interested to learn. When they see you bored stiff, they will also follow suit, making your task of teaching them all the more difficult. As you see, the author gave this much thought. The cons of homeschooling are few, but they are things to consider when planning to homeschool your kid/teen. All in all from what I found, there are far more advantages to homeschooling your kid/teen then disadvantageous. From what I found on the Internet, there are well over fifty pros for homeschooling but oddly there are no more than ten cons for the same subject. Try homeschooling if you feel confident that you can overcome the cons, because if you try it out, I think you will be amazed on what your kid/teen learns and what you learn too. Al Research Papers on Homeschooling is AdvantageousStandardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtLifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Spring and AutumnGenetic EngineeringIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Seal and Sea Lion Facts

Seal and Sea Lion Facts With their expressive eyes, furry appearance and natural curiosity, seals have a wide appeal. Native to polar, temperate and tropical waters on the planet, seals are also known to vocalize: a captive male harbor seal named Hoover was taught to vocalize English with a prominent New England accent. Fast Facts: Seals and Sea Lions Scientific Name: Phocidae spp (seals), and Otariidae spp (fur seals and sea lions)  Common Name(s): Seals, fur seals, sea lionsBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: Range from 4–13 feet longWeight: Range between 85–4,000 poundsLifespan: 30 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat: Polar, temperate, and tropical seasPopulation: Unknown, but in the hundreds of millionsConservation Status: Tropical seals and sea lions have suffered the most from human and climatic changes. Two species are threatened; seven are currently classed as endangered.   Description Seals and sea lions are highly evolved for swimming, including flippers, a streamlined fusiform (tapered at both ends) shape, thick insulation in the form of fur and/or subcutaneous layer of blubber, and increased visual acuity for foraging at extremely low light levels.   Seals and sea lions are in the order Carnivora and suborder Pinnipedia, along with walruses. Seals and fur seals are related to bears, descended from an otter-like terrestrial ancestor, and they all have a more or less aquatic lifestyle.   Toshi Miyamoto/Getty Images   Species Seals are divided into two families: the Phocidae, the earless or true seals (e.g., harbor or common seals), and the Otariidae, the eared seals (e.g., fur seals and sea lions). The pinnipeds include 34 species and 48 subspecies. The largest species is the southern elephant seal, which can grow up to about 13 feet in length and more than 2 tons in weight. The smallest species is the Galapagos fur seal, which grows to up to about 4 feet long and weighs about 85 pounds. The species have evolved to their environment, and the handful of those species which are listed as threatened or endangered are those who live in the tropics where human interference is possible. The arctic and subarctic species are mostly doing well. Two species, the Japanese sea lion (Zalophus japonicus) and Caribbean monk seal (Noemonachus tropicalis) have become extinct in recent times.   Habitat Seals are found from polar to tropical waters. The greatest diversity and abundance among seals and sea lions are found at temperate and polar latitudes. Only three phocid species- all of the monk seals- are tropical and they are all either highly endangered or, in two cases, extinct. The fur seals are also found in the tropics, but their absolute abundance is low.   The most abundant pinniped is the crabeater seal, which lives in the Antarctic pack ice; the ringed seal in the Arctic is also quite abundant, with numbers in the millions.  In the U.S., the most well-known (and watched) concentrations of seals are in California and New England. Diet The diet of seals is varied depending on the species, but most eat primarily fish and squid. Seals find prey by detecting prey vibrations using their whiskers (vibrissae).   Seals and sea lions are mostly fish-eaters, although most of the species also eat squid, mollusks, crustaceans, marine worms, sea birds, and other seals. The ones that eat mostly fish specialize in oil-bearing species like eels, herrings, and anchovies because they swim in shoals and are easy to catch, and are good energy sources.   Crabeater seals feed almost entirely on Antarctic krill, while sea lions eat sea birds and Antarctic fur seals are fond of penguins. Image Source/Getty Images Behavior Seals can dive deeply and for extended periods (up to 2 hours for some species) because they have a higher concentration of hemoglobin in their blood and their large amounts of myoglobin in their muscles (both hemoglobin and myoglobin are oxygen-carrying compounds). When diving or swimming, they store oxygen in their blood and muscles and dive for longer periods than humans can. Like cetaceans, they conserve oxygen when diving by restricting blood flow to only vital organs and slowing their heart rates by about 50 percent to 80 percent. In particular, elephant seals exhibit tremendous stamina while diving for their food. Each elephant seal dive averages about 30 minutes in length, with only a couple of minutes between dives, and they have been seen maintaining that schedule for months on end. Elephant seals can dive up to 4,900 feet deep and stay down as long as two hours. One study of northern elephant seals showed that their heart rates dropped from a resting rate at the waters surface of 112 beats per minute, to 20–50 beats per minute when diving. Pinnipeds produce a variety of sounds, both in air and water. Many of the sounds are apparently individual recognition or reproductive displays, but some have been taught to learn human phrases. The most famous is a captive male harbor seal at the New England Aquarium named Hoover (1971–1985). Hoover was trained to produce a variety of phrases in English, such as Hey! Hey! Come over here! with a noticeable New England accent. Although little is known about sound production and acoustic communications as of yet, seals, sea lions, and walruses do have some voluntary control over their sound emissions, perhaps related to their ability to adapt to diving. In polar environments, seals restrict blood flow to their skin surface to keep from releasing internal body heat to the ice and freezing water. In warm environments, the reverse is true. Blood is sent toward the extremities, allowing heat to release into the environment and letting the seal cool its internal temperature. Reproduction and Offspring Because of their highly developed insulating fur- polar seals and sea lions must regulate their body temperatures between 96.8–100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (36–38 Celsius) in frigid waters- they must give birth on land or ice and remain there until the pups have built up enough insulation to withstand the cold temperatures. In many cases, mother seals must be separated from their foraging grounds to take care of their offspring: if they can locate on ice, they can still feed and not abandon the pups, but on land, in groups called rookeries, they must limit their lactation periods so they can go without eating for a period of four or five days. Once the pups have been born, there is a postpartum estrus period, and most females are mated within a few days of the last birth. Mating takes place at the rookeries, and the males exercise extreme polygyny in these dense aggregations, with one male fertilizing many females. In most seals and sea lions, gestation lasts just under a year. It takes between three and six years for pups to reach sexual maturity; females produce only one pup a year, and only about 75 percent survive. Female seals and sea lions live between 20 and 40 years. John Borthwick/Getty Images  Ã‚   Threats Natural predators of seals include sharks, orcas (killer whale), and polar bears. Seals have long been commercially hunted for their pelts, meat, and blubber. The Caribbean monk seal was hunted to extinction, with the last record reported in 1952. Human threats to seals include pollution (e.g., oil spills, industrial pollutants, and competition for prey with humans). Conservation Status Today, all pinnipeds are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) in the U.S. and there are several species protected under the Endangered Species Act (e.g., Steller sea lion, Hawaiian monk seal.) Threatened species include the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus, near threatened). Endangered species include the Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki), Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) Galapagos fur seal (Arctocephalus galapagoensis); Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica), Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), and Hawaiian monk seal (M. schauinslandi). Sources Boyd, I. L. Seals. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition). Eds. Cochran, J. Kirk, Henry J. Bokuniewicz and Patricia L. Yager. Oxford: Academic Press, 2019. 634–40. Print.Braje, Todd J., and Torben C. Rick, eds. Human Impacts on Seals, Sea Lions, and Sea Otters: Integrating Archaeology and Ecology in the Northeast Pacific. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. Print.Castellini, M. Marine Mammals: At the Intersection of Ice, Climate Change, and Human Interactions. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition). Eds. Cochran, J. Kirk, Henry J. Bokuniewicz and Patricia L. Yager. Oxford: Academic Press, 2018. 610–16. Print.Kirkwood, Roger, and Simon Goldsworth. Fur Seals and Sea Lions. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, 2013.Reichmuth, Colleen, and Caroline Casey. Vocal Learning in Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 28 (2014): 66–71. Print.Riedman, Marianne. The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses. Berkeley: U niversity of California Press, 1990. Print. Tyack, Peter L., and Stephanie K. Adamczak. Marine Mammal Overview. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition). Eds. Cochran, J. Kirk, Henry J. Bokuniewicz and Patricia L. Yager. Oxford: Academic Press, 2019. 572–81. Print.

Information Managment Challenges for Ford Motor Company Research Paper - 1

Information Managment Challenges for Ford Motor Company - Research Paper Example This is a clear challenge for the new millennium, in which the drive to produce cleaner fuel and decrease dependence on foreign oil is huge. Thus, this paper will examine the challenges Ford faces by striving to create greener products, utilizing technology to create a better product and prove to consumers that the company promotes the ideals of a cleaner, healthier world. The Ford Motor Company has the second highest level of sales of automobiles in the United States, with a global presence in more than 500 companies across the globe. More importantly, the innovation that the company has dedicated themselves to accomplishing gives hope that dependency on fossil fuels might someday be a thing of the past. The manufacturing plants are tooled to be flexible, the vehicles that roll off of the assembly line geared toward the fuel option of the country of intended delivery, thus providing their customers with the best options available for fuel economy. As the company is award winning for their ethical policies and implementation of sustainability, the potential for collaborative efforts toward advancing automotive technology seems to be a real possibility within the company. When Henry Ford created the Model T automobile, it was the beginning of a revolution in industry. The philosophies of industrial management that came from his innovative thoughts on the sociological aspects of his business created changes in the way in which workers, business financial strategy and the machinery of work were integrated. Ford was born in 1863 in Detroit, Michigan. His father was from Ireland and his mother was born in Michigan from parents who were from Belgium. At the Edison Illumination Company, Ford was a chief engineer, but he was already working on the development of the gasoline engine. Once he developed the engine, he moved on to fully develop the Model T, build a manufacturing plant, and

Strategic HRM Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic HRM Approach - Essay Example HR experts and researchers (Armstrong, 2009) focus on multiple issues related to human resource management. First, they explored which factors lead an organization to adopt a strategic approach to HRM as well as the consequent formulation of this strategy. This also raises the question of which firms will be more likely to adopt a strategic approach than others are. For instance, do such firms have a specific set of external and internal characteristics and conditions? Secondly, the experts looked into the policies and practices that are characteristic of distinctive HR strategies. Is it reasonable to assume that there can exist, different sets of HR policies with the different models of HRM? Finally, an important issue that they have explored at length is the organizational performance that follows each of these sets of policies and practices. This brings in the question of whether HR strategy is important for organizations, and the answer that it is an essential factor for the HR s taff to consider when refining organizational performance. The main aim of HRM in this respect is to recognize, select, and implement activities that the staff thinks will be helpful in selecting a direction and a course of action, which would in turn enhance the long-term performance of an organization. This will occur if the chosen actions help synchronize the internal capabilities and skills of the company with the growing demands of its external environment. There are three main organizational frameworks (Armstrong. 2009) related to the several broad approaches of strategic HRM. One is universal, which is the best practice according to experts (Ehnert, 2009), s it focuses on broader aspects of business environment instead of narrowing them down, thus enabling the firm to derive competitive advantage from their strategy, regardless of the circumstance. Then there is the contingent approach (Ehnert, 2009), designed based on specific business environments. This is a narrower approa ch as compared to the universal framework, but is beneficial to specific companies as it provides them with competitive advantage, which is ‘contingent’ upon their reactions to situations arising in their strategic environment. Lastly, there is the organization-specific framework, which is unique for the firm, which designs and implements it. This introduces the concept that the individual characteristics of a firm necessitate a unique approach, as its unique resources such as human capabilities will enable it to derive a certain type of competitive advantage through the correct strategy. To explore each of these frameworks further, paper looks at the examples below, which present an idea of how a strategic approach would be designed based upon the framework. If the organization chooses to operate according to a universal framework, they will design their strategy in the light of the ‘best’ practices, which they will then implement into the overall organiza tional structure. This collection of HRM practices, or rather, this ‘HRM bundle’ could include ‘high ground’ components such as the goals of employee loyalty and commitment to the organization, high quality operation, and product, functional flexibility in the company structure. One goal could even be to corroborate the corporate objectives of the organization with the human